This summary list of intrinsic functions has only terse descriptions. Detailed behaviors, such as exception and boundary conditions, are omitted.

• Numeric functions operate on types Byte, Parcel, Word, Cell, Single, or Double. The arguments have the same type as their return value. The return type is derived from the type of the expression in which they are contained.

abs(Numeric)                    Absolute value

ln(Numeric)                     Natural log, base e

log(Numeric)                    Common log, base 10

log2(Numeric)                   Binary log, base 2

max(Numeric, Numeric)           Larger of two signed numbers

min(Numeric, Numeric)           Smaller of two signed numbers

mod(Numeric, Numeric)           Truncated signed integer or real modulus

remainder(Numeric, Numeric)     Remainder of a signed interger or a real

root(Numeric)                   Square root of an unsigned integer or real




• Real functions operate on Single or Double types. As with numeric functions their arguments have the same type as their return value.

acos(Real)                      Inverse cosine in radians

acosh(Real)                     Inverse hyperbolic cosine

asin(Real)                      Inverse sine in radians

asinh(Real)                     Inverse hyperbolic sine

atan(Real)                      Inverse tangent in radians

atanh(Real)                     Inverse hyperbolic tangent

cos(Real)                       Cosine of an angle in radians

cosh(Real)                      Hyperbolic cosine

exp(Real)                       Exponentiation (e ^ Real)

integer(Real)                   Integer part of real number

round(Real)                     Round a real number to an integer

sin(Real)                       Sine of an angle in radians

sinh(Real)                      Hyperbolic sine

tan(Real)                       Tangent of an angle in radians

tanh(Real)                      Hyperbolic tangent




• Integer functions operate on Byte, Parcel, Word, or Cell types. Arguments to the Borrow and Carry functions also have the same type as their return value and return either a zero or one value. The argument to the Positive function is a self-typed expression that is smaller than the return type.

borrow(Integer, Integer)        Borrow from an unsigned subtraction

carry(Integer, Integer)         Carry from an unsigned addition

positive(Integer)               Zero extended integer type cast




• String functions perform text related operations. All 8 bit character values are allowed in Strings including zero. Consequently Strings can also be used to represent any variable length data; not just text.

  Functions that select a single character return the type indicated by the function name. The Length function returs a Word and the rest return string values. Functions with an optional index use a default value. Note that string indecies are one based.

byte(String [, Word])           Select a character in a String

cell(String [, Word])           Select a character in a String; 0 extend

chop(String[, Word])            Remove leading characters

left(String [, Word])           Left most characters in a String

length(String)                  Number of characters in a String

lower(String | Integer)         Lower case a String or character

parcel(String [, Word])         Select a character in a String; 0 extend

right(String [, Word])          Right most characters in a String

string(String[ , Word])         Select a character in a String

string(String, WordA, WordB)    Substring from WordA to WordB

trim(String [, Word])           Remove Word characters in back of String

upper(String | Integer)         Uppercase a String or character

word(String [, Word])           Select a character in a String; 0 extend




• These functions perform type related operations. The Alignment and Span functions take a type name and return a Word (determined at compile time).

alignment(Type)                 Alignment of a type

byte{Base | Enum}               Cast to a Byte; Enumeration gives a position

cell{Base | Enum}               Cast to a Cell; Enumeration gives a position

double{Integer | Single}        Cast a signed value to a Double

Enum{Integer}                   Cast to an enumeration by position

parcel{Base | Enum}             Cast to a Parcel; Enumeration gives a position

parcel(@Pointer)                Return a Parcel value or 0 if an address

single{Integer | Double}        Cast a signed value to a Single

span(Type)                      Number of unpadded Bytes for a type

span(@)                         Number of Bytes for a pointer (4 or 8)

string{Integer}                 Cast a character to a String

word{Base | Enum}               Cast to a Word; Enumeration gives a position




• The remaining functions perform I/O and exception related operations.

context(Variable)               Return 1 if a context is active; else 0

file(String)                    Size of a file in bytes to a Cell

form(Base [, Form])             Formatted string for a value or micro

form(Enum [, Form])             Format the name of an enumerated value

signal(Variable)                Return 1 if a variable is signaled; else 0

status({Word | in | out})       Status of an I/O stream